Tuesday, 29 July 2014

AC Motor Formulae

These are the basic formulae used in AC motor calculations:


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Monday, 28 July 2014

Electric Motor Losses


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Electric Motors- Types


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Electric Motors- principle of operation




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Magnetic Field Strength- A Level Physics

Example:  

In the figure below, determine the point (other than at infinity) at which the total electric field strength is zero.
From the diagram, it can be observed that the point where E is zero lies on a straight line where the charges lie, to the left of the -2.5 μC charge.

Let this point be a distance r from the left charge.
Since the total electric field strength is zero,
E6μ = E-2μ
[6μ / (1 + r)2] / 4πεor2 = [2.5μ / r2] / 4πεor2 (Note: negative sign for -2.5 μC has been ignored here)
6 / (1 + r)2 = 2.5 / r2
√(6r) = 2.5 (1 + r)
r = 1.82 m
The point lies on a straight line where the charges lie, 1.82 m to the left of the -2.5 μC charge.

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Wednesday, 23 July 2014

Faraday's Law

Faraday's law

Question: A plane circular loop of conducting wire of radius $r=10$cm which possesses $N=15$ turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field makes an angle of $30^\circ$ with respect to the normal direction to the loop. The magnetic field-strength $B$ is increased at a constant rate from $B_1=1$T to $B_2=5$T in a time interval of ${\mit\Delta}t=10$s. What is the emf generated around the loop? If the electrical resistance of the loop is $R=15\,\Omega$, what current flows around the loop as the magnetic field is increased?
 
Answer: The area of the loop is 

\begin{displaymath} A = \pi\,r^2 = \pi\,(0.1)^2 = 0.0314\,{\rm m}^2. \end{displaymath}


The component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the loop is 

\begin{displaymath} B_\perp = B\,\cos\theta = B\,\cos 30^\circ = 0.8660\,B, \end{displaymath}


where $B$ is the magnetic field-strength. Thus, the initial magnetic flux linking the loop is 

\begin{displaymath} {\mit\Phi}_{B\,1} = N\,A\,B_1\,\cos\theta = (15)\,(0.0314)\,(1)\,(0.8660) = 0.408\,{\rm Wb}. \end{displaymath}


Likewise, the final flux linking the loop is 

\begin{displaymath} {\mit\Phi}_{B\,2} = N\,A\,B_2\,\cos\theta = (15)\,(0.0314)\,(5)\,(0.8660) = 2.039\,{\rm Wb}. \end{displaymath}


The time rate of change of the flux is 

\begin{displaymath} \frac{d{\mit\Phi}_B}{dt} = \frac{{\mit\Phi}_{B\,2}- {\mit\P... ...Delta}t} = \frac{(2.039-0.408)}{(10)}=0.163\,{\rm Wb\,s}^{-1}. \end{displaymath}


Thus, the emf generated around the loop is 

\begin{displaymath} {\cal E} = \frac{d{\mit\Phi}_B}{dt} = 0.163\,{\rm V}. \end{displaymath}


Note, incidentally, that one weber per second is equivalent to one volt.
According to Ohm's law, the current which flows around the loop in response to the emf is 

\begin{displaymath} I = \frac{{\cal E}}{R} = \frac{(0.163)}{(15)} = 0.011\,{\rm A}. \end{displaymath}
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Fleming's Left hand rule - Motor Effect

A current carrying conductor experiences a force if it is placed in a magnetic field. 


The direction of the force is found using Fleming's left hand rule.


The force is proportional to:
  • The current;
  • The strength of the magnetic field ;
  • The length of wire within the magnetic field.
The formula relating the three quantities is: 

 F = BIl

[B – magnetic field strength; I – current in A; l – length in m]

The term B is called the magnetic field strength, or the flux density, and is measured in Tesla, T.  The magnetic flux density can be thought of as the concentration of field lines.  

Example:
A current of 8.5 A flowing through a magnetic field is found to exert a force of 0.275 N.  The length of wire in the magnetic field is 5 cm.  What is the value of the magnetic field?
Formula first:  F = BIl.
Þ B =  F  = ___0.275 N ___ = 0.647 T
         Il       8.5 A ´ 0.05 m
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